Milton

¶1p. 477 Hactenus de charitate et justitia hominis ERGA SE: nunc de iisdem ERGA PROXIMUM est agendum.

¶2CHARITAS ERGA PROXIMUM est qua EUM DILIGIMUS UT NOSMETIPSOS. Lev. xix. 18. diliges proximum tuum sicut te: ego sum Jehova. 1 Joan. iv. 11. dilecti, si Deus nos ita dilexit, debemus et nos alii alios diligere.

¶3Proximi autem nomine significatur quilibet cui officium vel auxilium nostrum opportunum est. Luc. x. 36, 37. quis igitur horum trium tibi videtur proximus fuisse? &c. is qui usus est misericordia erga eum: ut hic Samaritanus erga Judæum, multis licet rebus a se alienum.

¶4Præcipue tamen fidelis. Gal. vi. 10. nempe igitur dum tempus opportunum habemus, simus benefici erga omnes, maxime vero erga domesticos fidei. His enim etiam spirituali vinculo devincti sumus. Eph. iv. 3. studentes conservare unitatem Spiritus per connexum pacis.

¶5Deinde qui nos cognatione aut necessitudine propius attingunt. Rom. ix. 3. optarim ego ipse anathema esse, separatum a Christo pro <!-- p.478 --> fratribus meis, cognatis meis secundum carnem: qui sunt Israelitæ—. 1 Tim. v. 4. discant prius pietatem exercere in propriam domum, et vicem rependere parentibus: hoc enim est honestum et acceptum in conspectu Dei.

¶6Nec inimici charitate nostra excludendi sunt; qui quidem precibus non excluduntur. Exod. xxiii. 4, 5. si offenderis bovem inimici tui—. Prov. xxv. 21, 22. si esuriat osor tuus, ciba eum pane; et si sitiat, da ei bibendum aquam: nam velut prunas coacervabis super caput ejus, et Jehova rependet tibi. Rom. xii. 14, 20. idem. Matt. v. 44. diligite inimicos vestros, benedicite iis qui execrantur vos, benefacite iis qui oderunt vos—. Luc. vi. 27, &c. idem. Matt. vi. 15. sin autem non remiseritis hominibus suos lapsus, nec Pater—. Luc. xxii. 51. tacta illius auricula—. et xxiii. 34. Pater, remitte hoc ipsis. Rom. xii. 17. nemini malum pro malo vicissim reddentes. et v. 21. ne vincitor a malo, sed vince bono malum. 1 Thess. v. 15. videte nequis malum pro malo cuipiam reddat. 1 Pet. iii. 9. non reddentes malum pro malo. Sic enim Deus exemplo suo nos docet. Matt. v. 44, &c. diligite inimicos vestros—, ut sitis filii Patris vestri—. Rom. v. 8. commendat suam erga nos charitatem Deus, eo quod quum adhuc essemus peccatores, Christus pro nobis mortuus sit.

¶7Huic opponitur charitatis defectus erga proximum. Jacob. ii. 15, 16. quod si frater aut soror nudi fuerint, et destituti quotidiano victu—.

¶8Et charitas hypocritica. Matt. vi. 2, 3, 4. quum præstabis eleemosynam—, ne curato buccina cani coram te—.

¶9Et charitas inordinata. 1 Sam. ii. 29. honorasti filios tuos—. et xvi. 2. quousque lugeres de Saule, cum ego spreverim eum—? Matt. x. 37. qui amat patrem aut matrem supra me, non est me dignus—.

¶10Et odium proximi. 1 Joan. iii. 15. quisquis odit fratrem suum, homicida est. et iv. 8. qui non diligit, non novit Deum: nam Deus est charitas.

¶11p. 479 Et in rebus alienis curiositas. Prov. xxvi. 17. prehendit aures canis, qui transiens furentem agit in lite non sua.

¶12Aliquod tamen odium etiam pium est; ut cum hostes Dei aut ecclesiæ odio habemus. 2 Chron. xix. 2. an osores Jehovæ diligere te? Psal. xxxi. 7. odi eos qui observant vanitates vanissimas. et cxxxix. 21, 22. annon osores tuos, o Jehova, odio habeo? &c. Prov. xxviii. 4. qui derelinquunt legem, laudant improbum; at qui observant legem, miscent prælia cum illis. et xxix. 27. abominationi est justis vir iniquus. Jer. xlviii. 10. maledictus qui facit opus Jehovæ fraude, et maledictus qui cohibet gladium suum a sanguine. Etiam alioqui conjunctissimos, si nos ab amore Dei et veræ religionis cultu avocant aut deterrent. Exod. xxxii. 27. occidite quisque fratrem suum et quisque amicum suum et quisque proximum suum—. Deut. xiii. 6, 7, 8. si clam incitet te frater tuus filius matris tuæ, aut filius tuus, aut filia tua, aut uxor charissima tibi, aut amicus tuus qui est sicut tu ipse, dicendo, eamus et colamus deos alienos—. Luc. xiv. 26. si quis venit ad me, et non odit patrem, matrem, uxorem—. Sic Christus Petro, alioqui sibi charissimo, Marc. viii. 33. abscede a me, Satana—.

¶13Charitas erga proximum est absoluta vel mutua.

¶14Absolutæ charitatis modi quidam sunt humanitas, benevolentia, et misericordia.

¶15HUMANITAS est qua officiis communibus erga homines et vivos et mortuos, vel eo solum quod homines sunt, non desumus. Deut. xxii. 1, &c. videns bovem fratris tui—.

¶16Erga mortuos est luctus et sepultura honesta.

¶17Luctu fere quoslibet non indignos prosequimur. Gen. l. 3. fleverunt eum Ægyptii septuaginta diebus. 2 Sam. i. 12. et plangentes fleverunt jejunaveruntque usque ad vesperum propter Saulem et propter Jonathanem <!-- p.480 --> filium ejus, et propter populum Jehovæ, denique propter familiam Israelis, quod cecidissent gladio. et iii. 31, 32. rex flebat ad sepulchrum Abneri, flebantque totus populus. Quanto magis domesticos: exemplo patriarcharum, Gen. l. 10. planxerunt ibi planctu magno et gravi valde. Et abreptos fideles. Act. viii. 2. extulerunt una Stephanum viri religiosi, et planctum magnum ediderunt super eum. Non immodice tamen. Lev. xxi. 2, 4, 5. ne polluito se maritus pro uxore ducta in populis suis, ita ut profanet sese: ne capillos evellendo calvitium capiti suo inducunto, latus barbæ suæ ne radunto, neque in carne sua cæsuram ullam incidunto. Deut. xiv. 1. filii estis Jehovæ Dei vestri: ne incidite vos, neque inducite calvitium inter oculos vestros propter mortuum. 1 Thess. iv. 13. ut ne tristitia afficiamini, sicut et cæteri qui spem non habent.

¶18Sepultura honesta. Gen. xxiii. 8. ut sepeliam mortuum meum a conspectu meo. et xxxv. 20. statuitque Jacob statuam super sepulchrum ejus—. et l. 2, &c. quumque præcepisset Joseph servis suis medicis—. 2 Chron. xvi. 14. deponentes eum in cubili quod impleverant aromaticis—. Qua carere ignominiosum est. Jer. viii. 2. expandent ea soli et lunæ totique exercitui cœlorum—. et xvi. 4, &c. non plangentur neque sepelientur—. Locus sepulturæ, modo non inhonestus, ubivis recte haberi potest: exemplo Abrahami, qui in spelunca, Gen. xxiii. 19. et Jacobi, qui uxorem sepelivit non in oppido Ephrathæ, sed in via regia, cap. xxxv. 18. et xlviii. 7. et Samuelis in sua domo, 1 Sam. xxv. 1. et Christi in horto cruci proximo sepulti. Fidei autem causa Jacobus et Josephus in terra promissa majorum sepulchro sepeliri voluerunt, Gen. xlix. 29. et l. 25. Jos. xxiv. 32. Heb. xi. 22. per fidem, Josephus obiens—.

¶19Humanitati opponitur inhumanitas; quæ gravissime prohibetur. Lev. xix. 14. ne maledicito surdo, et ante cæcum ne ponito offendiculum. Deut. xxvii. 18. maledictus qui facit ut erret cæcus in via. Talis erat inhumanitas Edomæorum in Israelitas jam afflictos, Amos. i. 6, &c. Psal. cxxxvii. 7. vastate, vastate—. et sacerdotis et p. 481 Levitæ, viatorem spoliatum ac semimortuum prætereuntium, Luc. x. 31, 32.

¶20Et humanitas incauta ac temeraria; ut cum pro quovis temere spondetur. Prov. vi. 1, 2. spopondisti amico tuo? complosisti extraneo manum tuam? illaqueasti te sermonibus oris tui—. et xi. 15. omnino confringitur, qui spondet pro extraneo: qui autem odit complodentes, securus est. et xvii. 18. homo demens complodit manum—. et xx. 16. cape vestem ejus qui spopondit pro extraneo—. et xxvii. 13. idem. et xxii. 26, 27. ne sis ex complodentibus manu—.

¶21Et importuna. Prov. xxv. 17. studiose contine pedem tuum a domo proximi tui, ne saturatus tui odio habeat te. 1 Reg. xiii. 15, 16. tum dixit ei, veni mecum domum—.

¶22Et inordinata; cum ignavis prospicitur. 2 Thess. 3, 10. si quis nolit operari, neque comedito.

¶23Alter charitatis modus est BENEVOLENTIA; qua omnibus hominibus bene volumus. Ut illa Titi, 2 Cor. viii. 16. qui cordi Titi indidit idem studium pro vobis. et angelorum, Luc. ii. 10. evangelizo vobis gaudium magnum—. et xv. 10. gaudium est apud angelos Dei super uno peccatore resipiscente. Rom. xii. 15. gaudete cum gaudentibus.

¶24Opponitur huic primum invidentia sive invidia. Cujus varia genera sunt: cum quis aut ferre non potest ut alter ejusdem boni secum particeps fiat: exempla sunt primi operarii, Matt. xx. 11, &c. et Judæi, salutem gentibus invidentes, passim libro Actorum: aut cum quis alteri id invidet, quod ipse assequi non potest: ut Satanas homini salutem; et Cainus fratri potiorem Dei gratiam invidit, Gen. iv. et Esauus, cap. xxvii. 43. et fratres Josephi, Act. vii. 9. et Saul, 1 Sam. xviii. 7, 8. et proceres Persæ, Dan. vi. Aut cum quis ægre fert alium iisdem donis ornari quibus is quem ipse diligit aut sequitur: exempla p. 482 sunt Josua, Num. xi. 28. et discipuli Joannis, Joan. iii. 26. et Christi, Marc. ix. 38. vidimus quendam per nomen tuum ejicientem dæmonia. Vitanda est invidia: Matt. xx. 15. an oculus tuus malus, quia ego bonus? quia impellit ad nefaria facinora; ut homicidia, Gen. iv. 2 Sam. iii. 24, 27. quid fecisti? ecce venerat Abner ad te—: percussitque eum quinta costa—: et ipsum invidum excruciat: Prov. xiv. 30. putredo ossium est invidentia. Jacob. iii. 16. ubi invidia est, ibi inquieta vita et omne opus pravum.

¶252do. Opponitur benevolentia simulata: cujus exemplum est in Pharisæis Christum invitantibus; Luc. xiv. 1, &c. et factum est, ut quum venisset domum cujusdam ex primoribus Pharisæis sabbatho ad edendum panem, ipsi observarent eum—.

¶26Tertius charitatis absolutæ modus est MISERICORDIA. Zech. vii. 9. benignitatem et misericordiam exerceto alter in alterum. Job. xxx. 25. annon flebam—? Matt. v. 7. beati misericordes—. Luc. x. 33. Samaritanus—misericordia intima commotus est. Rom. xii. 15. flete cum flentibus. Quæ etiam erga bestias immitis non est. Prov. xii. 9. curat justus vitam jumenti sui. Deut. xxii. 6, 7, 8. si obviam fiet tibi nidus avium—.

¶27Huic opponitur immisericordia. Prov. xii. 9. miserationes improborum sunt miserationes crudelis. Jacob. ii. 13. condemnatio absque misericordia erit ei qui non præstiterit misericordiam.

¶28Et ἐπιχαιρεκακία; qua quis alienis malis lætatur. Psal. lii. 3. quid te jactas in malo? Exemplum est in Edomæis, Psal. cxxxvii. Prov. xxiv. 17. quum cadit inimicus tuus, ne lætator.

¶29Et misericordia simulata. Psal. xli. 7. quod si quis veniebat ut inviseret—.

¶30Et illicita. Jer. xvi. 7. neque ito ad plangendum, neque condoleto iis—. Exemplum est in Achabo Benhadadum commiserante.

¶31p. 483 Modi sive species charitatis mutuæ sunt charitas fraterna et amicitia.

¶32CHARITAS FRATERNA seu CHRISTIANA est omnium maxima; qua fideles ut membra Christi inter se diligunt atque adjuvant, et quantum fieri potest, unanimes plane sunt; infirmos tamen et dissentientes, quantum fieri potest, ferunt. Psal. cxxxiii. 1. ecce quam bonum et quam amœnum est, habitare fratres etiam una—! Joan. xiii. 34, &c. ex hoc omnes cognoscent vos esse discipulos meos, si charitatem habueritis alii in alios—. et xv. 12, &c. hoc est mandatum illud meum, ut diligatis alii alios, prout dilexi vos: majorem charitatem nullus habet, quam—. cum Eph. v. 1. et 1 Joan. iii. 16. idem. Joan. xvii. 11. ut sint unum, prout et nos. Rom. xiv. 19. quæ ad pacem faciunt sectemur, et quæ ad mutuam ædificationem. 2 Cor. xiii. 11. idem sentite, pacem colite; et Deus charitatis ac pacis erit vobiscum. Eph. iv. 15. sincere nos gerentes in charitate, prorsus adolescamus in eum qui est caput, Christus. Phil. ii. 2. ut eodem sitis affectu, eandem charitatem habentes, unanimes, et unum sentientes. Col. ii. 1, 2. ipsis charitate compactis—. et iii. 15. pax Dei sit gubernatrix in cordibus vestris, ad quam etiam vocati estis in unum corpus, et benefici estote. 1 Thess. iv. 9. de fraterno amore non necesse habemus scribere vobis, ipsi namque divinitus docti estis, ut diligatis alii alios. Heb. xiii. 3, &c. memores estote vinctorum, tanquam una cum illis vincti—. 1 Pet. ii. 17. fraternitatem diligite. et iv. 8. ante omnia vero charitatem alii in alios intensam habentes: nam charitas operiet multitudinem peccatorum. et 2 Pet. i. 7. adjicite fraterno amori charitatem. 1 Joan. ii. 10. qui diligit fratrem suum, in luce manet, et offendiculum in eo non est. et iii. 14, 15. nos scimus, nos translatos esse ex morte ad vitam, quia diligimus fratres. et iv. 7, 8. dilecti, diligamus alii alios: nam charitas ex Deo—. et v. 2. per hoc cognoscimus nos diligere filios Dei, quum Deum diligimus, et præcepta ejus observamus.

¶33Infirmos tamen &c. ferunt. Act. xxi. 20, &c. tu vide, frater noster, quot sint millia Judæorum qui crediderunt, suntque omnes accensi zelo legis—: hoc igitur fac—. Gal. vi. 1, 2. fratres, etiamsi præoccupatus fuerit homo in aliqua offensa, vos spirituales reconcinnate hujusmodi hominem cum spiritu lenitatis, considerans unus quisque temetipsum, ne et tu <!-- p.484 --> tenteris; alii aliorum onera portate. Eph. iv. 2. cum omni animi submissione et lenitate, cum iræ cohibitione, sustinentes alii alios per charitatem. Col. iii. 12, 13, 14. induimini visceribus miserationum, benignitate, animi submissione, lenitate, iræ cohibitione; sufferentes alii alios, et condonantes vobis mutuo: si quis adversus aliquem haberet querelam, sicut et Christus condonavit vobis, ita et vos.

¶34Huic opponuntur dissidia, simultates, æmulationesque fraternæ, &c. Gen. xiii. 8. ne quæso sit contentio inter me et te, aut inter pastores meos et pastores tuos; nam viri fratres sumus. 1 Cor. iii. 3. quum enim inter vos sint invidia, et contentio, et dissidia, nonne carnales estis—? Gal. v. 20, 21. inimicitiæ, lites, æmulationes, excandescentiæ, rixæ, dissidia, hæreses, invidia—; eos videlicet qui talia faciunt, regni Dei non fore hæredes. 1 Joan. ii. 9, 11. qui dicit se in luce esse, et fratrem suum odit, in tenebris est adhuc usque. Et fraternitas simulata: a qua sæpe magnum periculum est. 2 Cor. xi. 26. periculis inter falsos fratres. Gal. ii. 4. propter irreptitios falsos fratres.

¶35AMICITIA est qua duo pluresve sibi mutuo honestis omnibus officiis, saltem civilibus, conjunctissimi sunt. Eccles. iv. 5, &c. meliores sunt duo quam unus, quia—. Omni enim cognationi præponitur. Deut. xiii. 6. amicus tuus, qui est sicut tu ipse. Prov. xvii. 17. omni tempore diligit, qui amicus est. et xviii. 24. amicus conjunctior fratre. et xxvii. 10. amicum tuum et amicum paternum tuum ne derelinquito, domumque fratris tui ne ingreditor tempore calamitatis tuæ; melior est vicinus propinquus fratre longinquo. Et amicitia cum bonis, vel etiam societas, tuta ac salutaris est. Gen. xii. 3. benedicam iis qui benedicent tibi—. et xviii. 26, &c. si invenirem Sodomi quinquaginta justos, parcerem—. et xix. 21. ecce rationem habeo tui etiam in hac re—. et xx. 7. propheta enim est, quumque oraverit pro te, vivito. Num. xi. 2. clamante populo ad Mosen, supplicavit Moses Jehovam, et compressus est ignis ille. et xiv. 19, 20. condona quæso iniquitatem populi hujus—: condono secundum verbum tuum. 1 Sam. xv. 6. recedite—, ne faciam ut tollaris cum eo; tu enim exercuisti benignitatem erga omnes Israelitas—. Psal. cxix. 63. socius sum omnibus qui <!-- p.485 --> reverentur te—. Prov. xiii. 20. qui ambulat cum sapientibus, sapientior fiet. Isa. lxv. 8. ita facturus sum propter servos meos—. Ezech. xxii. 30. dum quæro ex iis aliquem qui obducat sepem—. Et consilio utilis est. Exod. xviii. 14. aspiciens socer Mosis quicquid ipse faciebat populo—. et v. 24. auscultans itaque Moses voci soceri sui—. Prov. xii. 15. qui auscultat consilio, sapiens est. et xxvii. 9. ut unguentum et suffitus lætificat animum, ita dulcedo amici sui quemque, magis quam consilium proprium. Non tamen ad salutem æternam; ne iis quidem qui cum Christo versati sunt in terra; Matt. xii. 46, &c. Marc. iii. 35. Luc. xi. 27. et xiii. 26. Joan. vii. 5.

¶36Huic opponitur amicitia simulata. Job. xix. 13, &c. fratres meos procul a me abegit; familiares mei tantum abalienant se a me—. Psal. lv. 13, &c. non enim inimicus probro afficit me, quod ferrem—, sed tu—familiaris meus; qui pariter dulce inibamus consilium; in domum Dei ibamus cum frequentia. Prov. xix. 4, 6, 7. multi precantur faciem nobilis—. Hujus exemplum est Judas proditor.

¶37Et amicitia aut societas cum improbis. Gen. xiv. 12. ceperunt quoque Lotum—. et xix. 12, &c. quis præterea hic tibi est—? cura exeant ex isto loco—. Psal. i. 1. beatus est vir ille qui non ambulat in consilio improborum. et xxvi. 4, 5. non sedeo cum hominibus vanis—. et cxli. 4. ne sinas inclinari animum ad agitandum actiones per improbitatem, cum strenuis operam dantibus iniquitati—. Prov. xiii. 20. qui se consociat stolidis, efficietur pejor. et xiv. 7. abi a conspectu viri stolidi—. et v. 9. stultos conciliat reatus, inter rectos autem—. et v. 14. absistit a consortio ejus vir bonus—. et cap. xxiv. 1, 2. neque desiderato esse cum iis—. et xxviii. 7. qui se consociat comessatoribus, ignominia—. Rom. i. 31, 32. non solum ea faciunt, sed etiam facientibus consentiunt ultro. 1 Cor. xv. 33. ne errate: mores bonos commercia corrumpunt mala. Eph. v. 7. ne igitur estote consortes eorum. et v. 11. ne participate opera illa infrugifera tenebrarum. Quæ tamem nonnunquam in hoc mundo vitari non potest. Judic. xi. 5. collegerunt se ad Jephthachum homines inanes, et exierunt cum illo. 1 Sam. xxii. 2. congregaverunt se ad eum quilibet pressus an<!-- p.486 -->gustia, et cuicunque erat exactor—. et xxx. 22. quisque pravus et nequam ex hominibus illis qui iverant cum Davide—. Psal. cxx. 5, 6. hei mihi—, plurimum habitasse videtur sibi anima mea apud osorem pacis. 1 Cor. v. 9, 10, 11. scripsi—, ne commisceamini cum scortatoribus: at non omnino cum scortatoribus mundi hujus—, alioquin debetis scilicet e mundo exire—: id est, si quis quum frater nominetur, sit scortator—.

¶38Et inimicitia. Prov. xvii. 14. laxat aquas, qui est caput contentionis: quare antequam sese immisceat, litem ipsam desere. et v. 19. diligit defectionem, qui diligit jurgium; ampliat januam illius, qui quærit fracturam. et xx. 3. honorificum est supersedere a lite; quisquis autem stultus est, immiscebit se. et xxvi. 24, &c. tegit odium deceptionem, sed revelabitur malitia ejus—.

¶1p. 639 Hitherto we have treated of the duties of charity and justiee owing from man TO HIMSELF; we are next to consider the same virtues as exercised towards OUR NEIGHBOUR.

¶2–3CHARITY TOWARDS OUR NEIGHBOUR consists in LOVING HIM AS OURSELVES. Lev. xix. 18. thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself; I am Jehovah. 1 John iv. 11. beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another. Under the name of neighbour are comprehended all to whom we have the opportunity of rendering service or assistance. Luke x. 36, 37. which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbour unto him—? he that shewed mercy on him; as in the present instance the Samaritan showed mercy on the Jew, although estranged from him in so many respects.

¶4–5Chiefly however believers: Gal. vi. 10. as we have therefore opportunity, let us do good unto all men, especially unto them that are of the household of faith; inasmuch as, in addition to the ordinary tie of affinity, we are connected with them by a spiritual bond: Eph. iv. 3. endeavouring to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. Next in degree are those most closely allied to us by relationship or friendship. p. 640 Rom. ix. 3. I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh; who are Israelites—. 1 Tim. v. 4. let them learn first to show piety at home, and to requite their parents; for that is good and acceptable before God.

¶6Even our enemies are not to be excluded from the exercise of our charity, inasmuch as they are not excluded from our prayers. Exod. xxiii. 4, 5. if thou meet thine enemy's ox or ass going astray, &c. Prov. xxv. 21, 22. if thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink; for thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head, and Jehovah shall reward thee. See also Rom. xii. 14, 20. Matt. v. 44. love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you—. Matt. vi. 15. if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. Luke xxii. 51. he touched his ear and healed him. xxiii. 34. Father, forgive them—. Rom. xii. 17. recompense to no man evil for evil. v. 21. be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good. 1 Thess. v. 15. see that none render evil for evil unto any man. 1 Pet. iii. 9. not rendering evil for evil. We are taught the same by the example of God himself. Matt. v. 44. love your enemies .....that ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven. Rom. v. 8. God commendeth his love towards us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.

¶7The opposite of this virtue is, first, uncharitableness towards our neighbour. James ii. 15, 16. if a brother or sister be naked, and destitute of daily food, &c.

¶8Secondly, hypocritical charity. Matt. vi. 2—4. when thou doest thine alms, do not sound a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do—.

¶9Thirdly, an excessive and preposterous love. 1 Sam. ii. 29. thou honourest thy sons above me—. xvi. 1. how long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him? Matt. x. 37. he that loveth father or mother more than me, is not worthy of me.

¶10p. 641 Fourthly, hatred of our neighbour. 1 John iii. 15. whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer. iv. 8. he that loveth not, knoweth not God, for God is love.

¶11Fifthly, a meddling disposition. Prov. xxvi. 17. he that passeth by and meddleth with strife belonging not to him, is like one that taketh a dog by the ears.

¶12Hatred, however, is in some cases a religious duty; as when we hate the enemies of God or the church.⁵ 2 Chron. xix. 2. shouldest thou love them that hate Jehovah? Psal. xxxi. 6. I have hated them that regard lying vanities. cxxxix. 21, 22. do I not hate them, O Jehovah, that hate thee? Prov. xxviii. 4. they that forsake the law, praise the wicked; but such as keep the law contend with them. xxix. 27. an unjust man is an abomination to the just. Jer. xlviii. 10. cursed be he that doeth the work of Jehovah deceitfully, and cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood. We are to hate even our dearest connections, if they endeavour to seduce or deter us from the love of God and true religion. Exod. xxxii. 27. slay every man his brother, and every man his companion. Deut. xiii. 6—8. if thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, &c. Luke xiv. 26. if any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, &c. Thus Christ, notwithstanding his love for Peter: Mark viii. 33. get thee behind me, Satan.

¶13Love towards our neighbour is absolute or reciprocal

¶14Under absolute love are comprised humanity, good will, and compassion.

¶15p. 642 HUMANITY consists in the performance of those ordinary attentions which man owes to man, whether living or dead, as the partaker of one common nature. Deut. xxii. 1, &c. thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, &c.

¶16Towards the dead humanity is shown by mourning for their loss, and by a decent sepulture.

¶17Mourning is the appropriate mark of respect paid to the memory of all who are not utterly worthless. Gen. l. 3. the Egyptians mourned for him threescore and ten days. 2 Sam. i. 12. they mourned and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of Jehovah, and for the house of Israel, because they were fallen by the sword. iii. 31, 32. the king wept at the grave of Abner, and all the people wept. Much more therefore to those of our own household. Thus the ancient patriarchs: Gen. l. 10. they mourned with a great and very sore lamentation. So also when believers are cut off. Acts viii. 2. devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great lamentation over him. Even on such occasions, however, our grief ought not to be immoderate. Lev. xxi. 2, 4, 5. he shall not defile himself, being a chief man among his people, to profane himself; they shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard; nor make any cuttings in their flesh. Deut. xiv. 1. ye are the children of Jehovah your God; ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead. 1 Thess. iv. 13. sorrow not, even as others which have no hope.

¶18Decent burial. Gen. xxiii. 8. that I may bury my dead out of my sight. xxxv. 20. Jacob set a pillar upon her grave. l. 2, &c. Joseph commanded his servants the physicians to embalm his father. 2 Chron. xvi. 14. they laid him in the bed which was filled with sweet odours and divers kinds of spices, &c. To remain unburied is an indignity. Jer. viii. 2. they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, &c. xvi. 4, &c. they shall not be lamented, neither shall they be <!-- p.643 -->buried. Any place of sepulture which is consistent with decency, may be adopted without impropriety. Sarah, for instance, was buried in a cave, Gen. xxiii. 19. Rachel, not in Ephrath, but on the high road to that city, xxxv. 18. xlviii. 7. Samuel in his own house at Ramah, 1 Sam. xxv. 1. and Christ in a garden near the place of crucifixion. When Jacob and Joseph made it their especial request to be gathered unto the sepulchre of their fathers in the land of promise, this was in token of their reliance on the divine declarations, Gen. xlix. 29. l. 25. Josh. xxiv. 32. Heb. xi. 22. by faith, Joseph ......gave commandment concerning his bones.

¶19The opposite of humanity is, first, inhumanity; against which there are the severest prohibitions, Lev. xix. 14. thou shalt not curse the deaf, nor put a stumbling-block before the blind. Deut. xxvii. 18. cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way. Such was that of the Edomites towards the Israelites in their distress, Amos i. 6, &c. Psal. cxxxvii. 7. rase it, rase it, even to the foundation thereof. Such too was that of the priest and Levite in the parable, who passed by on the other side, when the traveller who had fallen among thieves was lying half dead and plundered, Luke x. 31, 32.

¶20Secondly, an incautious and unadvised humanity; as for instance, when we become responsible for another without due consideration. Prov. vi. 1, 2. if thou be surety for thy friend, if thou hast stricken thy hand with a stranger, thou art snared with the words of thy mouth—. xi. 15. he that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it, and he that hateth suretyship is sure. xvii. 18. a man void of understanding striketh hands—. xx. 16. take his garment that is surety for a stranger. See also xxvii. 13. xxii. 26, 27. be not one of them that strike hands, &c.

¶21Thirdly, an officious humanity. Prov. xxv. 17. withdraw thy foot from thy neighbour's house, lest he be weary of thee, and so hate thee. 1 Kings xiii. 15, 16. then he said unto him, Come home with me, and eat bread.

¶22p. 644 Lastly, an excess of humanity, which makes provision for the idle and undeserving. 2 Thess. iii. 10. if any would not work, neither should he eat.

¶23The second modification of love is GOOD WILL, which consists in wishing well to all men. Such was that of Titus, 2 Cor. viii. 16. which put the same earnest care into the heart of Titus for you; and of the angels, Luke ii. 10. I bring you good tidings of great joy; and xv. 10. there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner that repenteth. Rom. xii. 15. rejoice with them that do rejoice.

¶24The opposite of this is, first, envy, or a grudging disposition; which is shown in various ways. First, when a man cannot bear that others should participate in his good fortune; as in the instance of the labourers who were hired first into the vineyard, Matt. xx. 11, &c. and of the Jews who were unwilling that salvation should be extended to the Gentiles, as may be seen throughout the book of Acts. Secondly, when a man grudges another that which he cannot himself obtain; which is exemplified in the envy with which Satan regards the salvation of the human race;⁶ in Cain's anger against his brother, because God had more respect unto him, Gen. iv.⁷ in Esau, xxvii. 41. in Joseph's brethren, Acts vii. 9. in Saul, 1 Sam. xviii. 7, 8. and in the princes of Persia, Dan. vi. Thirdly, when a man is jealous that any should be endued with the same gifts as one of whom he is himself an admirer or follower; which is exemplified in Joshua, Num. xi. 28. in John's p. 645disciples, John iii. 26. and in those of Christ, Mark ix. 38. we saw one casting out devils in thy name, &c. Envy is to be shunned, Matt. xx. 15. is thine eye evil, because I am good? partly as instigating to crimes, murder for instance, Gen. iv. 2 Sam. iii. 24, 27. what hast thou done? behold Abner came unto thee ......and he smote him there under the fifth rib; and partly as being in its nature a self-tormentor: Prov. xiv. 30. envy is the rottenness of the bones. James iii. 16. where envying ...... is, there is confusion and every evil work.

¶25Secondly, pretended good will; which is exemplified in the Pharisees who invited Christ to eat bread, Luke xiv. 1, &c. it came to pass as he went into the house of one of the chief Pharisees to eat bread on the sabbath-day, that they watched him.

¶26The third modification of absolute love is COMPASSION. Zech. vii. 9. shew mercy and compassions every man to his brother. Job xxx. 25. did not I weep for him that was in trouble? Matt. v. 7. blessed are the merciful. Luke x. 33. a certain Samaritan ......had compassion on him. Rom. xii. 15. weep with them that weep. Compassion extends even to animals. Prov. xii. 10. a righteous man regardeth the life of his beast. Deut. xxii. 6—8. if a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way, &c.

¶27The opposite of this is, first, unmercifulness. Prov. xii. 10. the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel. James ii. 13. he shall have judgement without mercy, that hath shewed no mercy.

¶28Secondly, a rejoicing in the misfortunes of others. Psal. lii. 1. why boastest thou thyself in mischief? This is exemplified in the Edomites, Psal. cxxxvii. Prov. xxiv. 17. rejoice not when thine enemy falleth.

¶29Thirdly, pretended pity. Psal. xli. 6. if he come to see me, he speaketh vanity.

¶30p. 646 Fourthly, a misplaced compassion. Jer. xvi. 7. neither shall men tear themselves for them in mourning, to comfort them for the dead—. This is exemplified in the pity of Ahab for Benhadad.

¶31Under reciprocal love are comprised brotherly love and friendship.

¶32BROTHERLY or CHRISTIAN LOVE is the strongest of all affections, whereby believers mutually love and assist each other as members of Christ, and are as far as possible of one mind; bearing at the same time to the utmost of their power with the weaker brethren, and with such as are of a different opinion. Psal. cxxxiii. 1. behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity. John xiii. 34, &c. by this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another. xv. 12, &c. this is my commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved you; greater love hath no man than this—. See also Eph. v. 1. 1 John iii. 16. John xvii. 11. that they may be one, as we are. Rom. xiv. 19. let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another. 2 Cor. xiii. 11. be of one mind, live in peace; and the God of love and peace shall be with you. Eph. iv. 15. that we....speaking the truth in love, may grow up into him in all things, which is the head, even Christ. Philipp. ii. 2. that ye be likeminded, having the same love, being of one accord, of one mind. Col. ii. 1, 2. their hearts being knit together in love. iii. 15. let the peace of God rule in your hearts, to the which also ye are called in one body, and be ye thankful. 1 Thess. iv. 9. as touching brotherly love ye need not that I write unto you, for ye yourselves are taught of God to love one another. Heb. xiii. 3, &c. remember them that are in bonds, as bound with them—. 1 Pet. ii. 17. love the brotherhood. iv. 8. above all things have fervent charity among yourselves, for charity shall cover the multitude of sins. 2 Pet. i. 7. add to brotherly kindness charity. 1 John ii. 10. he that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none occasion of stumbling in him. iii. 14, 15. we know that we have passed from death unto life, because we love the brethren. iv. 7, 8. beloved, let us love one another, for love is of God. v. 2. by this we know that <!-- p.647 -->we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments.

¶33Bearing with the weaker brethren, &c. Acts xxi. 20, &c. thou seest, brother, how many thousands of Jews there are which believe, and they are all zealous of the law ......do therefore this—. Gal. vi. 1, 2. brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual restore such an one in the spirit of meekness, considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted; bear ye one another's burthens. Eph. iv. 2. with all lowliness and meekness, with long-suffering, forbearing one another in love. Col. iii. 12—14. put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercies, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, long-suffering; forbearing one another, and forgiving one another; if any man have a quarrel against any, even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye.

¶34Opposed to this are divisions, enmities, rivalries among brethren, &c. Gen. xiii. 8. let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen, for we be brethren. 1 Cor. iii. 3. whereas there is among you envying, and strife, and divisions, are ye not carnal? Gal. v. 20, 21. hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings....they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. 1 John ii. 9, 11. he that saith he is in the light, and hateth his brother, is in darkness even until now. To these may be added a pretended brotherly love, from which great danger often arises to believers. 2 Cor. xi. 26. in perils among false brethren. Gal. ii. 4. and that because of false brethren unawares brought in.

¶35FRIENDSHIP is a most intimate union of two or more individuals, cemented by an interchange of all good offices, of a civil at least, if not of a religious kind. Eccles. iv. 9, &c. two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their labour—. It takes precedence of all degrees of relationship. Deut. xiii. 6. thy friend, which is as thine own soul. Prov. xvii. 17. a friend loveth at all times. xviii. 24. there is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother. xxvii. 10. thine <!-- p.648 -->own friend, and thy father's friend, forsake not, neither go into thy brother's house in the day of thy calamity; for better is a neighbour that is near, than a brother that is far off.

¶35 cont.Friendship, and even common companionship with good men, is safe and advantageous. Gen. xii. 3. I will bless them that bless thee. xviii. 26. if I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then will I spare all the place for their sakes. xix. 21. see, I have accepted thee concerning this thing also. xx. 7. he is a prophet, and he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live. Numb. xi. 2. the people cried unto Moses; and when Moses prayed unto Jehovah, the fire was quenched. xiv. 19, 20. pardon, I beseech thee, the iniquity of this people ....I have pardoned according to thy word. 1 Sam. xv. 6. go, depart ....lest I destroy you with them: for ye showed kindness to all the children of Israel—. Psal. cxix. 63. I am a companion of all them that fear thee. Prov. xiii. 20. he that walketh with wise men shall be wise. Isai. lxv. 8. so will I do for my servants' sake. Ezek. xxii. 30. I sought for a man among them that should make up the hedge. They are also useful as counsellors. Exod. xviii. 14. when Moses' father-in-law saw all that he did to the people, &c. v. 24. so Moses hearkened unto the voice of his father-in-law. Prov. xii. 15. he that hearkeneth unto counsel is wise. xxvii. 9. ointment and perfume rejoice the heart; so doth the sweetness of a man's friend by hearty counsel. The benefits of their friendship, however, extend not to the ensuring our salvation in a future life; not even in the instance of those who associated with Christ on earth: Matt. xii. 46, &c. Mark iii. 35. Luke xi. 27. xiii. 26. John vii. 5.

¶36Opposed to this, are, first, pretended friendship. Job xix. 13, &c. he hath put my brethren far from me, and mine acquaintance are verily estranged from me. Psal. lv. 12, &c. it was not an enemy that reproached me, then I could have borne it ....but it was thou, a man mine equal, my guide, and mine acquaintance; we took sweet counsel together, and walked unto the house of God in company. Prov. xix. 4, 6, 7. many will intreat the favour of the prince, &c. Of this crime the traitor Judas is an example.

¶37p. 649 Secondly, friendship or social intercourse with the wicked. Gen. xiv. 12. they took Lot—. xix. 12, &c. hast thou here any beside? ......bring them out of this place. Psal. i. 1. blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly. xxvi. 4, 5. I have not sat with vain persons—. cxli. 4. incline not my heart to any evil thing, to practice wicked works with men that work iniquity. Prov. xiii. 20. a companion of fools shall be destroyed. xiv. 7. go from the presence of a foolish man. v. 9. fools make a mock at sin: but among the righteous there is favour. v. 14. a good man shall be satisfied from himself. xxiv. 1, 2. neither desire to be with them. xxviii. 7. he that is a companion of riotous men, shameth his father. Rom. i. 31, 32. who not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them. 1 Cor. xv. 33. be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners. Eph. v. 7. be not ye therefore partakers with them. v. 11. have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness. Such intercourse, however, is sometimes unavoidable in the present life. Judges xi. 3. there were gathered vain men to Jephthah, and went out with him. 1 Sam. xxii. 2. every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt ......gathered themselves unto him. xxx. 22. then answered all the wicked men and men of Belial, of those that went with David—. Psal. cxx. 5, 6. woe is me! .....my soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace. 1 Cor. v. 9—11. I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators; yet not altogether with the fornicators of this world .....for then ye must needs go out of the world; but .....if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator—.

¶38Thirdly, enmity. Prov. xvii. 14. the beginning of strife is as when one letteth out water; therefore leave off contention before it be meddled with. v. 19. he loveth transgression that loveth strife; and he that exalteth his gate, seeketh destruction. xx. 3. it is an honour for a man to cease from strife; but every fool will be meddling. xxvi. 26. whose hatred is covered by deceit, his wickedness shall be showed before the whole congregation.

Checked against Junius–Tremellius (Hanau 1603), the Bible Milton cited, off the page images. The rows below were printed above as La errors silently corrected by Sumner. They are not errors: J–T divides these chapters at different points from the KJV, so Milton's numbers are correct in his own Bible and Sumner was converting, not repairing. Method, evidence and the full division table: M4-RUNBOOK §11 and §12.

⚠ The tables above are left as printed rather than rewritten — seven chunks' tables re-keyed by hand is how a transcription error enters. This block governs; where the two disagree, this one is right.

| La (printed) | En (printed) | chapter | J–T | |---|---|---|---| | ¶26 `Prov. xii. 9` | `xii. 10` | Prov 12 | J–T's ch. XII opens at KJV 12:2 — −1 | | ¶27 `Prov. xii. 9` | `xii. 10` | Prov 12 | −1 | | ¶35 `Eccles. iv. 5, &c.` | `iv. 9, &c.` | Eccl 4 | J–T's `CAPUT IIII` opens at KJV 4:5 — +4 |

### ⚠ SECOND CORRECTION — the whole "five Latin citation errors" table (M4-RUNBOOK §13.2)

All six rows of "★★ Five Latin citation errors silently corrected" are versification, read off Junius–Tremellius. Three were established in the §12 corpus pass; the other three were read for this chunk specifically, because the quotation test that appeared to settle them cannot (§13.3 — a quoted verse identifies the place in KJV terms, so it cannot tell a wrong digit from a small offset).

| ¶ | La (printed) | En (printed) | J–T | offset | |---|---|---|---|---| | {¶9} | 1 Sam. xvi. 2 | xvi. 1 | J–T 16:2 = KJV 16:1 | +1 | | {¶24} | Gen. cap. xxvii. 43 | xxvii. 41 | Gen 27 runs +2 throughout | +2 | | {¶26} | Prov. xii. 9 | xii. 10 | Prov 12 runs −1 | −1 | | {¶27} | Prov. xii. 9 | xii. 10 | Prov 12 runs −1 | −1 | | {¶35} | Eccles. iv. 5, &c. | iv. 9, &c. | J–T's `CAPUT IIII` opens at KJV 4:5 | +4 | | {¶37} | Judic. xi. 5 | Judges xi. 3 | Judg 11 runs +2 | +2 |

★ 1 Samuel 16 is the clearest layout evidence in the whole volume. J–T prints verse 1 — Posteà non perrexit Schemuel invisere Schaulem … quia Jehovam pœnitebat regem constituisse Schaulem super Jisraelem, which is KJV 15:35 — above the `CAPUT XVI` rubric, and numbers KJV 16:1 as 2. The rubric marks the received chapter division; the verse numbers follow J–T's own. Its scholion states the argument in its own voice: hunc versum ad sequentia pertinere res ipsa docet. So `1 Sam. xvi. 2` is not a slip for `xvi. 1` — it is the correct citation of the verse Milton was reading.

This chapter therefore has no `Luc. ix. 66`-class error at all, where it claimed six.